FI*Am Environment Environnement r Canada Canada Forestry Service Service des Forets PRELIMINARY CALIBRATION TRIALS OF FPMI HELICOPTER EXPERIMENTAL SPRAY SYSTEM INSTALLED IN HUGHES MODEL 500 HELICOPTER, 1977 by J. C. Edwards, B. F. Zylstra S. A. Nicholson File Report No. 93 February, 1978 FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE CANADIAN FORESTRY SERVICE ENVIRONMENT CANADA OTTAWA, CANADA CONFIDENTIAL - NOT FOR PUBLICATION This report may not be cited or published in whole or in part without the written coisent of Thje Director* Chemical Control Research Institute* Canadian Forestry Ser vicej Environment Canada* 25 Pickering Place, Ottawa; Ontario K1A 0W3> Canada. saknight Typewritten Text 35061 saknight Typewritten Text 1978 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. TABLE OF CCNrENrS INTRODUCTION ........................................ MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................... Experllnenta1 Design 1 2 2 Sarrple Units .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Helicopter Enp10yed 5 Spray SysteIIt •••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 Spray Fonnulations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Rate of Flow calibration ••••••••••••••••••••••• 9 Spray Application • Deposit Assessment REStILTS .AND DISClJSSlOO •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• CONCLUSlOOS ~TIONS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• A~ REFERENCES CITED APPENDIX I. APPENDIX II. APPENDIX III. D:E:E>OSIT ~y •••••••••••••••••••••••• MMD AND NMD CURVES DEPOSIT DISTRIBUTION ••••••••••••••••• 10 10 13 17 18 19 19 20 35 37 INTRODUcrION A recent study (Edwards 1976) pointed out the lack of roth a helicopter-~ific aerial spray system for forestry applications, and of reliable data on the utilization of helicopters in this role. In accordance with the reccmnendations of this study, a prototype spray system was developed for installation on the Hughes M:>del 500 helicopter. Field testing am prelllninary calibration trials were planned for May, 1977. However, delays in roth helicopter availability and the canpletion of certain custom-built canponents caused the ~rk to be post­ poned until early autumn at which time it was hampered by extremely in­ clement weather conditions. The objectives of these prelllninary trials were: 1. Field test the prototype spray system. 2. Determine effect of airspea:l on droplet ~trum, droplet distri­ bution and effective swath width, using roth water- and oil-based fonnulations. 3. Detennine the effect of rotor wake on droplet deposition at various airspeeds. - 2 - MATERIAlS AND METHODS EKperlinental Design The field tests and prelllninary calibration trials were conducted at· the Ottawa District Headquarters of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ieitr.im, Ontario during the pericx1 Septenber 22 to Q::tober 6, 1977. Deposit samples were obtained by placing sample units at per­ manent stations along three parallel lines in, or adjacent to, a cleared· gas pipel.ine right-of-way (Figure I) which traversed an area of conifer­ ous plantations and mixed-wood stands 20 to 25 feet in height. The first l.ine, Line ·x· was in the open and extended for 500 yards down the approximate centre of the right-of-way with sample stations located at five yard intervqls for the first 100 yards fran the planned flight l.ine, and at 10-yard intervals thereafter. The line was also extended by 35 yards in the opposite direction with stations spaced five yards apart. A second sample line, Line 'p', was established in the first row of the plantation fumediately adjacent to the southwestern border of the cleared right-of-way. Sample stations, consisting of vertical 12 foot poles, were erected at 20-yard intervals over a distance of 140 yards. The third line, Line 'Y', was located in the plantation, 25 yards from the southwestern border of the right-of-way, with sample stations placed in openings approximately five yards apart over a length of 100 yards. '!he sample stations of Lines 'X' and 'Y' consisted of alumiru.:nn platfonns fixed horizontally atop 12" alumiru.:nn stakes. - 3·- \ ~ . \ \ A \ . ~~~ \ +\, ~D~. \ , \ .... - ... --- ~ \ \ ".~~, . ,...~ \ ~ \;; ',~ \ ~ \;; , \ 0 ~ , ..L 0\ \ '\\. ",._ .... -.. ~ \ ,. 1~"'''''''''' ~, ~ ~~---~ , ;; . \ \ ~i ., \ \\t ~ \ \ \ t· , . \ . \ I \ -0\ ~\ 0\ , ~\ \ I . \ \ ,. \ " \ '0 \~ \ \~ , \ \~ I \ ~\~ I \ ~\~. I \ ~ , \ \~ \ \ \~ \ \ \~ \ \ \?l , \ \ 4: \ . \ ~ \ \ . \ ~\. . \ \ \ . '~~. \ \ \ ~;~~ \ \ \ 1~l ~!'~ \ \ \ :. ~4~ \ \ 1;1>0\ ,,~';'~ \ ~. ~~1Jj \ 0 \ ~r'~L \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ .'\ \ \ \ \J' \ Helipadt::\ " \ .~ \ \!:!I , \ ~ \ ........ . , \ 0- '--', , I \ tor \ FPMI Trailer " \ \ rtJ1 \ c::J \ \ L:.J\ CJ \ \ OMNR \ \ \\ Complex I , B Leitrim Rd. ----.-----~--~------- ... -------\ \ \ \ \\ Fig. 1. F.P.M.I. Experimental site Layout • ", - 4 - At the uppenrost end of the 12 foot poles in Line ' P ' was attached a steel clip which could hold two sample units horizontally , back-to- back , with one facing up and the other down. This was to pro- vide preliminary data concerning the ability of the turbulence created by the rotor wake to effect droplet impingement on the lower surface of objects in the mid- crown area of the canopy. Sample units Each of the units used to collect droplet deposit samples at each station consisted of two square aluminum p l ates measuring 10 em . to a side, j oined together by cloth tape which created a hinge effect and a llowed the unit to be opened and closed like a book (Figure 2) . with the unit lying flat in the open position , a 10 x 10 em . Yu-OmekoJE> card was attached to one of the a l uminum plates with two rubber bands, and two, hinged , 50 x 75 rrm . glass slide" were attached to the other by double- backed tape which is used to make one of the slides adhere to the aluminium. I-- I I , , I ~ Aluminum Plate , Glass , KrcrnekoteR I Slide ~ Card I , I 50 x 75 /lUl1 ~ , 10 em x 10 em I k , , I ' . I ,I , rI- ~ # , I' I--- , 32 Elastic Band Fig . 2. Diaqram of Opened Sample Unit. 1/ - 5 - Heli copter Empl oyed For a number of reasons (El::1wards 1976), the Hughes M::ldel 500 Helicopter was sel ected as the test aircraft and one was contracted from Viking Helicopters Ltd . of Ottawa. The Hughes 500 is equi pped with a four- bladed, 26 . 33- feet diameter main rotor (Figure 3) and a Detroit Die sel Allison 250-Cl8 gas turbine engine devel oping 317 shaft horse­ power at sea level. Maximum certified gross wei ght is 2 , 550 pounds with an internal load , and maximum useful load is 1 , 350 pounds . Spray SystEm I n designing the spray system, a number of basi c criteria were adhered to . The helicopter ' s wi de airspeed capability range denanded an atomization device whose operation i s compl etely independent of airspeed. For spray economy and efficacy compatibl e with heli copter payl oads , this devi ce must pr oduce dropl et spectra superi or to those obtainable wi th standard hydraulic nozzles . In addition , the system must be l i ght- wei ght , simpl e , reliabl e , easily-maintained and economical. For ease of installation and removal it shoul d consi st of three modul es : two booms compl ete , and a palletized tank/pt.nnp modul e for cabin installati on , all with standard anchor points and quick-disconnect attachnents to the ship e l ectri cal and hydraulic systEms. The prototype spray systEm thus incl uded off- the-she l f items r epresenting the better features of existing systEmS pl us custom­ fabricated oornponents specific to the program. The palleti zed , internal , cabin module (Figures 3b and 3c) consi sted of a 200-li t er , fiberglass tank with loadi ng strainer and tank shut-off val ve close- plumbed to an electrically- dri ven , 24- vol t , Simplex , centrifugal spray pt.nnp . The systEm I / / _ 6 _ - ---- \ \ ()JA· 26.33' '~ ---- -- a) Front and plan views of spray J:oan installation and configuration. b) Side view showing internal system installation. PREu. R%.L. VAL.V E; PRE'S. aV-PA"'-;::======~ 1'1 LII'I&. (I ~ss. GAU'~ TO~~. ~=====~========~ 800M LLaCTA . 800M ,SHIIT-O",. I!~~==~ TO RT. ;::; eOOM TANK (2001.) JaT AGITATO" TAN~ SMUT-oF' TANKAG'TA'T'ON L tN ~ c) Schematic diagram of spray delivery system. BooM MOUNT DIAPHRAGM CHECK VAJ..VE C/w STRAINER ROTATING POROV~ SLI:Ii:VE MICRONAIR VARIADl.E RESiRICTO" VNI'T EU.CT~Ic. LEAD~ J4 H-P. fLEc.rll. MOTOR. d) Detail of Beecanist boom installation. Figure 3 Protctype FPMI Helicopter Experimental Spray System M::Junted on Hughes 500 Helicopter _ 7 _ included a line strainer, agitation line, pressure gauge and pressure­ regulated bypass line to the tank. Flow to the booms was controlled by a pair of 12-volt, electric , solenoid valves wired in series for com­ patibility with the 24-volt electrical syst6T\ of the helicopter . 'Ihis total nodule was mOunted on a ply\\Uld pallet which could be spring­ pirmed to standard hard-points in the floor of the aft cabin , thus per­ mitting speed and ease of installation and r6TlOval. 'lb the same end , all plumbing and electrical leads incorporated quick-discormect capa­ bility as well . Hoses conducted the liquid spray fram the solenoid valves to the left and right booms respectively , and to the two Beecomist ~odel 350 spray heads installed on each boom . 'Ihe plumbing of each spray head employed a diaphragm check valve and Micronair VRU (variable restrictor unit) to facilitate calibration, together with a llOunting bracket which permitted the unit to be rotated and locked in the hori­ zontal plane for proper longitudinal alignment (Figures 3a and 3d) . 'The upper end of the llOunting bracket was attached to the boom with a stain­ less steel hose clamp, and a strip of rubber was used to maximize the friction between the bracket , hose clamp and boom. Each Beecomist spray head was comprised of an interchangeable, porous sleeve through which the spray is 6Tlitted as the sleeve is rotated at a minimum r . p .m. of 10,000 by an integral 12-001 t, electric llOtor rated at 0 . 25 horsepower (Figure 3d). As with the solenoid valves, the two Beecomists on each boom were wired in series to utilize power fram - 8 - the aircraft's 24-vol t systan. The boans were constructed by Viking Helicopters Llmited. They were 10 feet in length and could be swung and locked in· various positions from 45° forward to full aft. This feature pennitted the experlinental location of the Beecanists in various positions relative to the rotor wake and the centre-line of the aircraft, as well as a "trail" position (Figure 3a) of the boans for ferry purposes. The electric n:otors of the spray heads and insecticide pump were connected to the aircraft electrical systan via a small control box in the cockpit. This box was equipped with t\\O switches for activating the spray heads, one for the tw:> units on the left boom and one for the tw:> on the right. A third swi tch controlled the insecticide pump. Separ- ate circuit breakers were installed in conjuction with each switch. The solenoid valves controlling pesticide flow to the bean were wired to the cargo hook switch on the pilot's cyclic stick. Spray Fonnulations 'I\\o formulations were enployed during the trials, one water- based and the other oil-based, as follows: a) #2 Fuel oil 40.00 U. s. Gallons Arotex 8.00 " " Automate Red B dye 0.25 'Ibtal: 48.25 U. s. Gallons b) water 40.00 U. s. Gallons ethylene glycol 8.00 " " Rhodamine 'B' dye 0.25 " " 48.25 U. s. Gallons A canplete set of spray trials was carried out with each of these formulations. 1. - 9: - Rate of Flow Calibration Since the Simplex centrifugal insecticide pump operated at constant r.o.m. 1 the flow of liquid to the spray heads was controllable by three means: 1) Varying the setting of the tank shut-off valve between the insecticide tank am the pump; 2) varying the pressure setting of the pressure relief valve; 3) Selecting orifices of various diameters with the VRU' s installerl :inmediately upstream of each spray head. Rate of flow calibrations of the system were carrierl out before each of the two sets of spray trials to adjust the emission rates to that required for an application rate of 0.5 gallons (U . S .) per acre at each of 30, 45, and 60 miles per hour over an assumerl swath width of 100 feet. Respectively, the total requirerl flow rates from the four heads were 3.03, 4.54 and 6.0 gallons (U. S .) per minute. The calibration procerlure involved running the helicopter on the ground with the spray systen operating in the bypass m:Xie, the porous sleeves rerroved fran the spray heads, and the spray head electric rrotors switcherl off. A plastic bag was secured over each spray head and the flow of liquid switched on for exactly 60 seconds. The bags were then raroved, carefully drainerl into graduated containers and the volumes re­ corded. This procedure was repeated, wi th adjusbnents to the VRU' s and check valves until the flow rate was the same for each spray head. 'Ibtal flow rate was then adjusted by varying the line pressure at the pressure relief valve, am all settings recorded. The tank shut-off valve was used ... initially for coarse adjustment. Spray Application -10 - All spray trials were flown in the early norning and late evening hours during periods of optimum meteorological conditions. Temperature and relative humidity were measured with a battery-operated psychraneter. (Table I). Measurement of wind speed am direction ~volved the use of a 25-foot tower located in a large open area llmnediately ad­ jacent to the work site (Table I, Figures 6-12). Spray runs were flown at 90 degrees to the semple line layout and the point of intersection of the flight path am layout was marked wi th a balloon. (Figure 1). During the trials, all spray runs were flown at a height of 45 feet above ground, 25 feet above the plantation canopy. A total of seven trials were carried out, three with the water­ based fonnulation and four with the oil-based fOnmllation. Each trial was duplicated, giving a total of 14 separate spray runs. During trials Tl to T6 (water-based), plastic sleeves of 40 lJm porosi ty were installed on the Beecanist spray heads. Trials T7 to T12 (oil-based) employed perforated metal sleeves of supposed 80 to 100 lJffi porosity but, since these resulted in a rather coarse droplet breakup, the 60 nph replicates were reflown with the 40 lJffi plastic sleeves. These were designated T13 and T14. Inclement weather prevented further work. Deposit Assessment Physical analysis of the deposit collected on Kranekote cards was accanplished using NCR IvTicro-card Readers. In random sample areas 7 Table I Summary Da.ta - Hughes 500 Calibration Trials - Lietrim, Ont. 1977 Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 l\b • .vmJ 7 13 13 7 13 13 7 7 9 9 11 11 11 11 Setting Flow 2.75 4.65 4.65 2.75 4.65 4.65 3.125 3.125 4.475 4.475 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Rate GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM GPM Pressure 20 20 (PSI) 20 20 20 20 25 25 21 21 18 18 20 20 Ale 30 45 60 30 45 60 30 30 45 45 60 60 60 60 Speed rrph Ale 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 Ht/ft wil1a 2 - 4 2 - 4 2 2 - 3 o - 2 0-1 2 - 4 0-2 0-2 0-2 1 - 3 2 - 4 3 - 4 2 - 3 Speed Gust 6 Gust 6 Gust 6 Gust 5 Gust 4 Gust 4 Gust 6 Gust 6 Gust 8 Gust 6 J--I J--I '.Ianp 42 44.5 54 55 48.5 43 49 43.5 37 45.5 52 55.5 45.5 45.5 I o F R.B. % 94 90 49 49 89 94 86 91 100 94 88 75 71 71 bWath 1. Width (ft) 135 60 0 90 165 135 150 105 135 180 60 30 0 105 r Swath 2. v Width (ft) 120 30 0 30 120 135 135 90 120 120 60 30 0 90 MMD 110 lJIn 150 136 145 130 150 150 107 124 144 130 155 157 117 NMD lJIn 112 100 III 95 115 123 64 65 72 65 78 81 75 70 bmax 383 312 l.IIU 418 383 348 348 277 277 291 291 291 306 215 200 Sleeve plast. plast. plast. plast. p1ast. plast. metal metal metal metal metal metal nylon nylon 'IYPe 40 lmIl 40 1JIll 40 lJffi 40 1JIll 40 lJlll 40 lJlll perf. ~rf. ~oerf •.. perf'. perf. Perf. 40 1JIll 40 1JIll Da.te 29/9 29/9 29/9 29/9 29/9 29/9 4/10 4/10 5/10 5/10 5/10 5/10 6/10 6/10 T:irne 0745 0840 1655 1745 1818 1850 1805 1846 0715 0827 0935 0951 1750 1849 Swath Width ••• l. + based on drop counts of 15 drops/an2 Swath Width ••• 2. based on drop counts of 20+ drops/an2 - 12 - on each card, stains were measured and place:l in 100 1JIn diameter classes as they were counted. For each sample station and for each trial, deposit density was calculated in tenns of the number of droplets/em 2 (Figures 6- 12), and deposit volume in number of ounces per acre (Tables IV - VII). The mass median diameter (MMD) and number median diarreter (NMD) was calculated for each trial (Figures 4 - 5). - 13 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The Lei tr:im, Ontario site of the preliminary calibration trials was alrrost ideal for the pur};X)se. The pipeline right-of-way was suf- ficiently wide that the sample line located therein, in the open, was unaffected by wind blowing across the top of the canopy and down into the right-of-way from either side. The coniferous plantation and other wooded area through which the cleared right-of-way passed made it possible to place sarrple units both within and below a forest canopy, as well as in the open, and to locate the sample lines within convenient proxlini ty to one another. All three lines could thus be covered by the same spray run and within only a few seconds, providing excellent comparison of droplet deposition under the three sets of conditions described. The deposit densities obtained indicated little or no correlation between the helicopter I s airspeed and deposit differential. Averaging the deposit over the first 100 yards of both the open ground and in-canopy semple lines yielded deposit density ranges of 4.98 to 23.22 droplets/em 2 and 1.20 to 7.21 droplets/em 2 respectively. When these values are grouped according to the helicopter airspeed, the differential has no trend. (Table II) . Table II Average Deposit (Densxty Docoplets/crn2 ) and Deposit Differential Ale Water Fonrulation Oil Fonnulation Speed m.p.h. Open Canopy % diff. Open canopy % diff. 30 a 19.83 3.69 81.4 22.11 4.57 79.3 b 7.13 1.72 75.9 12.8 9.11 28.8 45 a 7.18 2.02 71.9 14.88 10.45 29.8 b 22.12 12.06 45.5 23.22 7.21 68.9 60 a 4.98 1.20 75.9 7.93 4.10 48.3 b 8.96 7.21 19.5 7.06 2.40 66.0 - 14 - The de};X>sit density did, however, vary inversely with wind velocity. In other words, the higher the wind velocity, the lower the deposit density. Analysis of material fran the sample units suspended at mid­ canopy on l2-foot };X>les showed very little de};X>si t on the samples which had faced vertically downward. (Tables III - VII). This :implies in­ sufficient in-canopy turbulence fran the rotor wake to effect i.rrq;>inge- ment on the glass slides and Kromekote cards. This, in turn, may have been because the altitude of 25 feet alx>ve canopy was too great, all three airspeeds were too high, or a canbination thereof. A third };X>ssi­ bility, is that the turbulence existed, at least in some cases, but im­ parted insufficient velocity to the droplets to cause i.rrq;>inganent on flat targets as large as those presented h¥ the sample units used (Edwavds 1976) • In principle at least, electrically-driven, rotary atanizers like the Beecanist spray head should produce droplet spectra which are largely unaffected by the airspeed at emission. Data collected during the trials llldicated that increasing airspeed caused an increase in MMD and NMD on the deposited spray. This, however, is probably because the downward vector of the rotor wake tends to accelerate the descent of the spray cloud, causing nore of the fines to dep:>sit closer to the aircraft's track over the ground. At higher speeds, the wake effect may be expected to dfudnish, al­ lowing the smaller droplets to be rome downwind before depositing (Figures 6-9). If effective swath widths for each trial are based on a min:inn.un deposit density of 20 droplets/an2 (Table III), swaths of 75 feet are indicated for the water-based fonnulation sprayed at 30 and 45 m.p.h. dropping to 68 feet at 60:n. p. h.. When perforated metal sleeves were used to disperse the oil fonnulation, the effective swath width varied from Table III Ccmparison of Droplet Spectra and Effective Swath at Various Airspeeds ~ Fonnu- Sleeve ~ NMD Avg, SWath VRU Pressure rrq;>h 1ation size J.Illl J.Illl @ 20 drop/an2 Setting ·PSI 30 H2O plastic 120 103.5 75 ft 7 20 T1 + 4 70 ]JIll 45 H2O plastic 143 107.5 75 ft 13 20 T2 + 5 70 ]JIll 1-1 H2O plastic 60 148 117.0 68 ft 13 20 U1 T3 + 6 70 ]Jll1 I 30 Oil metal 115.5 64.5 127 ft 7 25 T7 & 8 perf. 45 Oil metal 137 68.5 120 ft 9 21 T9 & 10 perf. 60 Oil metal 156 79 45 ft 11 18 TIl & 12 perf. 60 Oil plastic 113.5 72.5 90 ft * 11 20 T13 & 14 70 lJlll * Only data fran T14 used here. ". - 16 - 127 feet at 30 m.p.h. to 45 feet at 60 m.p.h. This suggests that the effective swath width is greater at lower airspeeds. When oil is sprayed at 60 m.p.h. using 40 lJIn plastic sleeves, the droplet spectnml is superior in tenns of nnax, MMD and NMD to ,that. when the perforated metal sleeves are used. The four Beecomists required a total of 36 amperes fran the helicopter electrical system and the Simplex centrifugal pump/ electrical rrotor assembly required in excess of 80 amperes. The total amperage draw of 116 amperes on the aircraft system is considered ex- cessive in view of the fact that the helicopter's starter-generator has a maximum, non-derated capacity of only 150 amperes. Following ccmpletion of the calibration trials, the rotational speeds of the four Beecomist spray heads were measured under no load, using a strobex®blade tracker. These speeds were 10,000, 10,860, 11,000, and 11,400 r. p. m. respectively. The manufacturer specifies that all units are factory adjusted for minimum speeds of rrore than 10,000 r.p.m. under load. Clearly, not only did these units vary widely in tenns of rotational speed but, under load, at least one, and probably two of them ~uld have turned at speeds substantially less than the "10,000 r • p.m. specified by the manufacturer. - 17 - CDNCLUSIONS 1. '!he mechanical perfonnance of the prototype spray syste:n was excellent. 2. The Beecanist spray heads deli verErl coarser droplet spectra in tenns of D max, MMD and ~lID than expected, especially when utilizing the perforated metal sleeves. 3. At the airspeeds and altitude usErl for the trials, the rotor wake effect varied fran slight under open ground conditions to negligible at mid- crown, according to data obtained fran the type of sample units involved. 4. The 40 ]..llTt plastic sleeves appear to produce a superior droplet spectrum to that of the perforate1 metal sleeves with the oil-basErl fonmllation. 5. '!he effective swath width increases as the emission airspeed de­ creases. 6. The amperage requirements of the prototype spray system are excessive in relation to the capacity of the Hughes nodel 500. 7 • The preset, mirrinnml r. p ,m.. of the Beecomist spray head appears to vary significantly from one unit to the next, and sane units may not maintain design r. p. m. under load. - 18 - 1. Further developnent of the spray system is required to: a) lighten the overall weight; b) decrease the amperage draw on the aircraft electrical systern; c) streamline the total system both mechanically and aerodynamically; d) guarantee the required Beecanist sleeve r. p.m. under load. 2. Further trials should be oonducted to improve deposit and define operating parameters by: a) employing higher rotational speeds of the porous sleeves; b) ooncentrating on the use of an oil-based fonnulation to be sprayed with 40 lJffi plastic sleeves; c) investigating optimum positions of spray heads on both the longitudinal and lateral axes of the helicopter; d) decreasing emission altitude; e) oonducting one CC!lplete series of upwind trials to detennine droplet spectrum; f) conducting a series of crosswind trials to detennine effective swath width. 3. :rnprove methcx1s of sampling deposit by: a) redesigning sampling units for use at ground level; b) using sampling units in the tree crowns which present smaller, narrower targets for small droplets at near-critical velocities; c) oonduct foliage analysis for deposit. - 19 - The autmrs wish to express their gratitude to Viking Helicopters Limited for their support throughout all phases of the program, and especially to Messrs. Steve Mills, Real Paget and Dave Iaamanen for their unstinting assistance and co-operation. Thanks also to the ottawa District of the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, particularly to Messrs. W. D. Adlam and Bob Bnmett, for the provision of an experimental site and water tanker. We are again indebted to Mr. W. Haliburton, FPMI for spread factor analysis, to Mr. W. W'. Hopewell, FPMI for his aid in colorimetric analysis of the spray fonnulations, and to roth for their co-operation . in reviewing this manuscript. ~CITED 1. EDWARDS, J. C., 1976. The use and potential of helicopters in forest pest management. Report prepared under contract for Chemical Control Research Insti tute, Environment canada, Forestry Service, pp. 334. .. . APPENDIX I. DEPOSIT SUMMARY - 20 - SUMMARY DEPOSIT DATA HUGHES 500 CALmRATION - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT '77 TRIAL NO.1 LINE X LINE Y SAMPLE POLE SERIES SAMPLE DOOPS/CM2 SAMPLE DROPS/CM 2 DIDPS/CM 2 OZ/AC OZ/AC OZ/AC -X 35 0.08 0.0109 Y 0 1.92 2.1812 PI'O 14.63 26.7551 -X 30 0.04 0.0233 Y 5 11.50 24.5246 PB 0 0.98 1.5709 -X 25 0.08 0.0972 Y 10 24.20 46.3630 PI' 20 5.17 8.8413 -x 20 0.07 0.1163 Y 15 11.27 23.6529 PB 20 0.02 0.0055 -X 15 0.34 0.3353 Y 20 6.35 20.8778 PT 40 6.05 8.7181 -x 10 2.04 2.4289 Y 25 0.94 1.8145 PB 40 0.01 0.0027 -X 5 4.07 7.9286 Y 30 5.36 5.0330 PI' 60 4.36 7.3374 XO 26.40 40.4200 Y 35 1.21 1.6051 PB 60 0.23 0.1437 X5 30.50 37.3438 Y 40 1.43 2.3646 PT 80 5.47 5.8020 x 10 40.75 70.5852 Y 45 2.62 3.2158 PB 80 0.12 0.0575 X 15 37.50 75.5908 Y 50 2.02 2.1936 PI' 100 0.00 0.0000 X 20 45.00 92.3511 Y 55 1.92 3.5319 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 32.50 68.8952 Y 60 0.15 0.2162 PT 120 3.85 3.8562 X 30 27.00 49.5459 Y 65 1.08 0.8292 PB 120 0.02 0.0055 X 35 32.00 47.9586 Y 70 0.44 0.4776 PT 140 0.95 1.2015 X 40 28.75 60.3892 Y 75 0.05 0.0506 PB 140 0.28 0.0547 X 45 16.43 24.9242 Y 80 0.33 0.1861 X 50 12.33 17.3528 Y 85 0.21 0.4420 X 55 5.83 6.4233 Y 90 0.18 0.1861 X 60 13.25 15.5136 Y 95 0.26 0.3312 X 65 11.20 15.9036 Y 100 0.42 0.9469 X 70 8.15 12.1925 X 75 11.55 12.1809 X 80 9.17 12.1159 X 85 8.58 12.9876 X 90 9.08 12.3923 X 95 7.28 9.5186 X 100 3.08 3.6235 X 110 1.82 2.0088 X 120 2.26 1.9992 X 130 2.45 2.7163 'X 140 2.61 1.9910 X 150 2.27 2.2934 X 160 1.65 1.5299 X 170 0.59 0.6541 X 180 0.70 0.8539 I X 190 0.41 0.4495 I X 200 0.35 0.4201 X 210 0.11 0.1382 X 220 0.08 0.1218 X 230 0.02 0.0178 X 240 0.01 0.0082 X 250 0.00 0.0000 X 260 0.01 0;0082 X 270 0.00 0.0000 X 280 "0.02 0.0178 X 290 0.01 0.0137 X 300 0.00 0.0000 SAr.1PLE -x 35 -X 30 -X 25 -X 20 -X 15 -x 10 -x 5 X 0 X5 X 10 . X 15 X 20 X 25 X 30 X 35 X 40 X 45 X 50 X 55 X 60 X 65 X 70 ·X 75 X 80 X 85 X 90 X 95 X 100 X 110 X 120 X 130 X 140 X 150 X 160 X 170 X 180 X 190 X 200 X 210 X 220 X 230 X 240 X 250 X 260 X 270 X 280 X 290 X 300 I - 21 - SU~'!MARY DEPOSIT DATA HUGHES 500 CALffiRATIOl.'J - LEITIIT·: - SEPT/OCT I 77 TRIAL NO.2 LINE X LINE Y POLE SERIES I SM-IPLE DIDPS/CM 2 8niPLE DROPS/CM 2 I DROPS/CM2 OZ/AC OZ/-~C I OZ/AC ! 0.02 0.0041 Y.··O 0.01 0.0766 I PTO 0.36 0.3572 0.10 0.0205 Y 5 7.93 11.4152 PB 0 0.02 0.0041 0.20 0.0192 Y 10 6.00 7.6932 PT 20 1.54 1.6421 0.00 0.0000 Y 15 0.86 0.6732 PB 20 0.01 0.0082 0.01 0.0027 Y 20 5.05 4.2913 PT 40 0.47 0.7061 0.01 0.0027 Y 25 1.41 1.4026 IPB 40 0.00 0.0000 0.00 0.0000 y 30 0.00 0.0000 IPT 60 12.63 14.3532 0.02 0.0014 Y 35 2.63 . 2.1197 PB 60 0.15 0.1724 0.07 0.0123 Y 40 2.14 1.8665 PT 80 8.46 9.7704 0.01 0.0014 Y 45 5.62 12.0516 PB 80 0.51 0.2422 0.08 0.1026 Y 50 2.87 6.4000 PT 100 2.42 2.0211 0.38 1.7488 Y 55 2.29 4.6580 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 1.70 4.2434 Y 60 0.56 1.5983 PI'120 2.69 3.1815 14.00 17.4732 Y 65 0.29 0.5405 IPB 120 0.05 0.0342 22.80 29.4043 Y 70 0.15 0.2272 PT 140 1.38 1.5737 21.80 28.9842 Y 75 0.10 0.2627 PB 140 0.02 0.0055 14.29 20.8217 Y 80 0.12 0.2176 11.67 13.2585 Y 85 0.10 0.1724 I 12.00 11.4084 Y 90 0.03 0.0123 ! 7.13 6.7093 Y 95 0.07 0.1190 I 7.07 11.7012 YIOO 0.09 0.1533 I 6.38 8.0257 I 5.09 7.1294 4.95 6.0319 I 4.27 4.3556 I I 5.94 6.5656 I 5.94 7.4359 I I 5.16 6.1715 j I 6.06 7.0281 I 5.94 6.0401 I , 5.58 6.0114 I 6.63 7.9026 I , 4.35 5.2218 I 3.59 4.3857 3.35 3.4976 I I 2.67 2.4440 I 2.23 2.2716 ! 2.02 1.9938 I I 1.07 1.0140 0.63 0.7184 0.60 0.6596 0.36 0.6719 0.12 0.1136 0.60 0.5036 0.23 0.1779 0.26 0.2012 0.40 0.3790 0.26 0.2449 I - 22 - SlMiI\RY DfPOSIT DA'm , . HUGHES 500 CALIBRATION - LEI'rRUl - SEPT/CCT '77 TRIAL NO . 3 SA.t>1PLE LINE X 5.i\t-lPLE LINE Y SAMPLE POLE SERIES DOOPS/G1 2 OZ/ AC DHOPS/CM 2 OZ/AC DOOPS/O;j2 OZ/ AC ._-- - X 35 0.00 0 .. 0000 YO 0.09 0.0725 PTO 0.09 0.0794 - x 30 0.00 0 .0000 y5 0.42 0. 2983 PB 0 0.00 0.0000 - x 25 0.05 0.1190 yl0 0. 41 1. 6434 PT 20 0.40 0.5994 - x 20 0.46 0 . 3599 y15 0.25 0.2956 PB 20 0.03 0.0041 - x 15 0.13 0.1149 Y20 0.18 0. 5802 PT 40 2.58 4.4651 - x 10 0.13 0.1505 y25 1.30 1.4505 PB 40 0.00 0.0000 -x 5 0.30 0.2997 Y30 3.00 4. 6143 PT 60 9 . 08 13 .2927 X 0 0.22 0 . 2381 Y35 3 .05 4.1038 PB 60 0.02 0.0055 X 5 0 . 29 0.2969 Y40 3 .12 6. 6970 PT 80 6 . 31 8 .0886 X 10 0.20 0 . 4885 y45 4 . 36 7 . 6713 PB 80 0. 02 0.0014 X 15 0.12 0 . 1081 Y50 2. 78 5.8020 PT 10 0.63 0.7472 X 20 0 .37 1.1070 y55 3.00 9 . 0260 PB 10 0.00 0.0000 X 25 1.17 2.5096 Y60 0.14 0.0616 PT 12 0.01 0.0219 X 30 1.54 3 . 4949 Y65 0 . 21 0.5337 PB 12 0.00 0 . 0000 X 35 3.45 5.8705 y70 0.37 0 . 4406 PT 14 0.03 0 . 0137 X 40 2.86 4.2448 Y75 0 . 02 0 .0246 PB 14 0.00 0.0000 X 45 3.29 4.0532 Y80 0 .02 0.0246 X 50 8.15 8.8768 Y85 0 .02 0.0520 X 55 7.77 8.8755 Y90 0.02 0.0014 X 60 8 .13 7.9108 Y95 0.01 0 . 0027 X 65 8 . 62 15.1633 YI00 0. 00 0 . 0000 X 70 9.54 15 .1729 X 75 8.38 11.5986 X 80 9.00 13 .3392 X 85 10 .18 11.9257 X 90 9.64 14.5831 X 95 8 .17 11.3605 X 100 3. 47 4.9536 X no 0.91 0 . 9346 X 120 0. 66 0.6322 X 130 0.15 o .n08 X 140 0 ~02 0.0096 x 150 X 160 X 170 X 180 I X 190 X 200 X 210 X 220 X 230 X 240 X 250 X 260 X 270 X 280 X 290 X 300 4 • SAMPLE -x 35 -x 30 -x 25 -x 20 -x 15 -X 10 -x 5 X 0 X 5 X 10 X 15 X20 X 25 X 30 X 35 X 40 X 45 X 50 X 55 X 60 X 65 X 70 X 75 X 80 X 85 X 90 X 95 X 100 X 110 X 120 X 130 X 140 - 23 - SUMMARY DEPOSIT DATA HUGIillS 500 CALmRATION - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT I 77 TRIAL NO. 4 .. - I~~LE LINE X SN'[pLE LINE Y POLE SERIES DROPS/CM 2 OZ/AC DROPS/CM 2 OZ/AC DROPS/CM2 OZ/AC 1.30 1.0372 Y ·0 9.27 7.3648 . PTO 36.75 41.6187 1.94 2.0020 Y5 12.44 9.2997 PB 0 0.78 0.4981 4.14 4.0135 YlO 4.81 3.0967 PT 20 0.32 0.5542 5.29 4.7620 Yl5 0.93 1.4902 PB 20 0.00 0.0000 10.73 7.8040 Y20 0.44 0.5816 PT 40 0.17 0.2162 19.50 12.5196 Y25 0.38 0.2901 PB 40 0.00 0.0000 16.86 15.3864 Y30 0.32 0.2121 PT 60 0.00 0.0000 34.50 35.1954 Y35 0.11 ·0.0438 PB 60 0.13 0.0958 36.50 44.6265 Y40 0.11 0.0739 PT 80 0.03 0.0274 .. 24.00 30.9725 Y45 0.13 0.0478 PB 80 0.00 0.0000 12.2~ 17.7824 Y50 0.09 0.1054 PT 100 0.00 0.0000 15.29 21.4252 Y55 0.05 0.0452 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 6.38' 7.4564 Y60 0.00 0.0000 PT 120 0.00 0.0000 6.12 5.7911 Y65 0.01 0.0014 PB 120 0.00 0.0000 3.55 2.7300 Y70 0.01 0.0219 PT 140 0.00 0.0000 1.58 1.1508 Y75 0.06 0.0055 PB 140 0.00 0.0000 1.06 0.7800 Y80 0.03 0.0096 0.37 0.4105 Y85 0.00 0.0000 0.26 0.4132 Y90 0.00 0.0000 0.40 0.5337 Y95 0.00 0.0000 0.08 0.2080 YIOO 0.01 0.0027 OJ06 0.1204 0.07 0.0493 0.06 0.0534 0.04 0.0643 0.02 0.0233 0.00 0.0000 0.02 0.0178 0.01 0.0014 I 0.00 0.0000 I 0.00 0.0000 I 0.00 0.0000 I I I - 24 - • SUMMARY DEPOSIT DATA .. HUGHES 500 CALmRATION - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT I 77 TRIAL NO.5 ~IPLE LINE X SAMPLE LINE Y SAMPLE POLE SERIES DROPS/CM2 OZ/AC DROPS/CM2 OZ/AC DOOPS/CM2 OZ/AC -X 35 0~00 0.0000 Y.O 13.88 23.7870 PTO 15.50 23.7145 -x 30 0.00 0.0000 Y5 40.00 56.9449 PB 0 1.12 1.3232 -x 25 0.00 0.0000 YlO 40.75 57.2774 PT 20 18.50 36.7062 -x 20 0.00 0.0000 Yl5 9.00 11.1566 PB 20 0.01 0.0082 -x 15 0.00 0.0000 y20 21.80 23.5489 PT 40 18.00 26.3076 -x 10 0.00 0.0000 y25 15.57 14.5010 PB 40 0.00 0.0000 -x 5 2.95 11.2661 Y30 13.13 17.9426 PT 60 18.00 23.4942 X 0 18.67 49.7211 Y35 18.67 ·23.1644 PB 60 0.00 0.0000 X5 35.25 55·~·5970 Y40 20.00 31.5308 PT 80 8.83 7.8095 X 10 43.25 96.7286 Y45 9.00 9.4803 PB 80 0.00 0.0000 X 15 39.50 100 .. 8530 Y50 12.50 13.3365 PT 100 4.95 4.9878 X 20 51.00 127.4644 Y55 0.00 0.0000 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 41.50 107.6348 Y60 0.00 0.0000 PT 120 2.68 2.2976 X 30 32.50 fiO.0580 Y65 0.00 0.0000 PB 120 0.00 0.0000 X 35 17.00 30.6250 Y70 0.30 0.3394 PT 14C 2.00 1.5928 X 40 24.4() 39.6934 Y75 0.28 0.2983 PB 14C 0.00 0.0000 X 45 24.40 57.5429 Y80 0.55 0.4447 X 50 19.00 32.5571 Y85 0.05 0.0315 X 55 18.00 2(;).2105 Y90 0.02 0.0246 X 60 13.38 17.1804 Y95 0.30 0.3476 X 65 13.00 15.2i67 Y100 1.26 0.9059 X 70 8.46 14.4490 X 75 lost --- X 80 9.08 13.8483 X 85 12.33 15.8434 X 90 7.31 8.6962 X 95 7.73 9.2094 X 100 6.65 5.5147 X 110 6.38 7.9299 X 120 6.38 6.1866 X 130 4.90 4.9399 X 140 4.55 3.9218 X 150 3.88 3.4087 X 160 3.74 2.0417 X 170 2.51 1.6216 X 180 1.83 1.1653 X 190 1.34 Q.7499 X 200 1.37 0.8156 X 210 1.23 0.6432 X 220 0.91 0·4297 X 230 0.90 0.6746 - 25 - SUMMARY DEPOSIT DA'm HUGHES 500 CALmRA'rION - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT '77 TRIAL NO. 6 --- SN-1PLE LINE X SANPLE LINE Y SAMPLE POLE SF.RIES DROPS/CM 2 OZ/AC DROPS/CM 2 OZ/AC DOOPS/CM.2 OZ/AC -X 35 28.50 51.6355 Y' 0 25.00 34.5126 PT 0 58.25 105.6670 -X 30 38.75 65.7711 Y 5 41.50 63.1274 PB 0 0.03 0.0520 -x 25 21.50 47.6808 Y10 22.20 38.9777 PT 20 14.13 23.0098 -X'20 50.50 94.2203 Y15 0.81 1.4067 PB 20 0.00 0.0000 -x 15 59.75 76.5350 Y20 14.25 19.8474 PT 40 5.94 10.6106 -x 10 56.50 92.3907 Y25 7.00 7.5235 PB 40 0.00 0.0000 -x 5 65.50 109.7709 Y30 2.84 3.1911 PT 60 0.18 0.2217 X 0 74.50 173.2226 Y35 0.83 0.7444 PB 60 0.00 0.0000 X5 46.25 118.2810 Y40 0.00 0·0000 PT 80 0.02 0.0301 X 10 24.75 101.1102 Y45 0.26 0.2012 PB 80 0.00 0.0000 X 15 12.11 20.0841 Y50 0.03 0.1875 PT 100 0.00 0.0000 X 20 10.50 19.4670 Y55 6.39 5.9142 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 4.88 10.9185 Y60 2.68 2.6684 PT 120 0.00 0.0000 X 30 3.44 8.8413 Y65 0.80 0.8854 PB 120 0.00 0.0000 X 35 1.70 4.0245 Y70 0.95 0.8470 PT 14C 0.00 0.0000 X 40 0.71 1'.8254 Y75 0.82 0.7786 PB 14C 0.04 0.0000 X 45 0.08 0.1834 Y80 1.28 1.1837 X 50 0.09 0.1355 Y85 1.04 0.9880 X 55 0.03 0.0520 Y90 0.68 0.6692 X 60 0.03 0.0657 Y95 0.48 0.1806 X 65 0·05 0.1081 YI00 O~OO 0.0000 X 70 0.01 0.0219 X 75 0.02 0.0246 X 80 0.05 0.0082 X 85 0.05 0.0301 X 90 0.01 0.0014 X 95 0.03 0.0137 I - 26 - sm·~y DEPOSIT DA~ HUGHES 500 CALffiRl\TlCA'J - LEITRll-1 - SEPT/OCT '77 TRIAL NO.7 LINE X SAMPLE LINE Y SAMPLE POLE SERIES SAMPLE DROPS/CM2 DROPS/CM2 DIDPS/CM2 OZ/AC OZ/AC OZ/AC -X 35 0.00 0.0000 Y a 0.00 0.0000 PT 0 0.04 0.0027 -X 30 0.00 0.0000 y 5 0.15 0.0192 PBO 0.04 0·0096 -X 25 0.00 0.0000 Y10 0.49 0.0999 PT 20 2.82 1.4560 -X 20 0.00 0.0000 Y15 4.87 2.3249 PB 20 0.00 0.0000 -X 15 0.00 0.0000 Y20 10.42 4.3803 PT 40 16.57 8.3281 -X 10 0.10 0.0109 Y25 12.18 3.9643 PB 40 6.56 3.9916 -X 5 0.21 0.0178 Y30 21.17 9.9593 PT 60 24.00 10.0988 X 0 0.96 0.1847 Y35 9.33 4.7853 PB 60 0.00 0.0000 X 5 8.00 2.2209 Y40 15.00 8.9768 PT 80 12.11 3.9834 X 10 10.18 3.8534 Y45 10.00 11.8107 PB 80 0.00 0.0000 X 15 23.20 14.0221 Y50 3.92 5.2930 PT 100 2.61 0.9784 X 20 28.25 11.5470 Y55 0.80 0.4885 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 46.50 18.8854 Y60 0.14 0.2244 PT 120 0.57 0.1587 X 30 52.00 23.5900 Y65 0.14 0.0807 PB 120 0.04 0.0014 X 35 52.25 21.2158 Y70 0.56 0.2573 PT 140 0.14 0.0274 X 40 54.25 28.1632 Y75 0.26 0.0287 PB 140 0.00 0.0000 X 45 44.50 23.6392 Y80 0.49 0.6048 X 50 33.00 17.6566 Y85 0.61 0.3380 X 55 28.75 18.6008 Y90 0.18 0.0479 X 60 20.60 6.3344 Y95 0.44 0.1327 X 65 17.71 9.3024 ~OO 0.21 0.0725 X 70 14.43 5.1124 X 75 9.64 3.0885 X 80 9.30 4.2858 X 85 4.16 1.8597 X 90 2.64 1.3274 X 95 2.69 1.4218 X 100 1.26 o .3872 X 110 0.79 0.2381 X 120 0.36 0.1163 x 130 0.26 0.1054 X 140 0.09 0.0410 X 150 0.01 0.0014 X 160 0.09 0.0096 X 170 0.00 o .0000 X 180 0.02 0.0055 X 190 0.02 o .0055 X 200 0.00 0.0000 - 27 - SUMlYlARY DEPOSIT DATA HUGHES 500 CALIBRATION - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT '77 TRIAL NO. 8 SAMPLE LINE X SAMPLE LINE Y SAMPLE POLE SERIES DIDPS/CM 2 OZ/AC DROPS/CM 2 OZ/AC DIDPS/CM 2 OZ/AC -X 35 0.00 0.0000 -y,'0 4.28 2.8819 PTO 8.50 2.2915 -X 30 0.00 0.0000 y.5 19.00 I 8.5443 PB 0 0.06 0.0260 -X 25 0.15 0.0205 Y10 20.83 9.3435 PT 20 15.57 11.7683 -X 20 0.84 0.0985 Y1.5 4.31 1.6065 PB 20 0.03 0.0055 -X 15 2.38 0.3065 Y20 26.67 9.2545 PT 40 24.40 16.0802 -X 10 7.47 1.4574 y25 27.50 15.1428 PB 40 0.00 0.0000 -X 5 10.40 3.1378 Y30 7.50 8.1037 PT 60 2.75 2.0198 XO 15.28 5.8417 Y35 13.22 16.4017 PB 60 0.00 0.0000 X 5 21.60 7.3018 Y40 8.21 7.7657 PT 80 0.00 . 0.0000 X 10 27.00 16.5290 Y45 3.58 2.7902 PB 80 0.00 0.0000 X 15 I 43.25 19.4820 Y50 1.40 1.1344 . PT 100 0.02 0.0014 X 20 42.25 39.3266 Y55 0.09 0.0575 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 36.25 27.7171 Y60 0.02 0.0014 PT 120 0.00 0.0000 X 30 28.40 29.3523 Y65 0.01 0.0000 PB 120 0.01 0.0005 X 35 16.71 12 .• 4634 Y70 0.02 0.0014' PT 140 0.02 0.0041 X 40 11.10 8.2022 Y75 0.00 0.0000 PB 140 0.00 0.0000 X 45 7.38 6.1154 Y80 0.00 0.0000 X 50 4.17 3.2335 Y85 0.00 0.0000 X 55 1.72 1.6394 Y90 0.00 0.0000 X 60 0.64 0.6336 Y95 0.00 0.0000 X 65 0.15 0.1437 Y100 0.00 0.0000 X 70 0.04 0.0150 X 75 'O~04 0.0082 X 80 0.00' 0.0000 X 85 0.03 0.0014 X 90 0.01 0.0005 X 95 0.01 0.0003 X 100 0.03 0.0068 X 110 0.05 0.0014 X 120 0.01 0.0041 X 130 0.02 0.0014 X 140 0.01 0.0041 X 150 0.01 0.0082 X 160 0.05 0.0014 X 170 0.03 0.0260 X 180 0.00 0.0000 X 190 0.00 0.0000 X 200 0.00 0.0000 X 210 O.CO 0.0000 X 220 0.01 0.0041 X 230 0.01 0.0014 X 240 0.01 0.0082 X 250 0.00 0.0000 X 260 0.00 0.0000 X 270 0.01 0.0041 I - 28 - Sf.»11\RY DFPOSIT DATA HUGHES 500 CALmRATIOl.\l - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT I 77 TRIAL NO. 9 LINE X LINE Y iSAMPLE POLE SERIES SAMPLE SAl\1PLE DROPS/CM 2 DROPS/CM 2 OZ/AC DROPS/CM 2 OZ/AC I OZ/AC -X 35 0.00 0.1368 Y'O 0.00 0.2737 PTO 0.01 0.5475 -x 30 0.00 0.1368 Y 5 0.00 0.1368 PB 0 0.00 0.2737 -x 25 0.01 0.0000 YlO 0.01 0.1368 PT 20 0.00 0.2737 -x 20 0.28 0.0000 y15 0.00 0.1368 PB 20 0.00 0.1368 -x 15 0.27 0.1368 Y20 0.48 2.1894 PT 40 40.25 18.3366 -x 10 0.10 0.4105 y25 1.10 2.1894 PB 40 0.20 0.2737 -x 5 0.09 0.0000 Y30 0.65 2.0526 PI' 60 4.00 3.1473 X 0 0.31 0.0000 y35 16.28 10.5367 PB 60 0.02 0.0000 X 5 0.08 0.1368 Y40 21.20 9.0305 PI' 80 3.05 0.2737 X 10 0.47 0.0000 Y45 25.00 7.6631 PB 80 0.00 0.1368 X 15 0.00 " 10.8104 y50 18.33 5.6105 PT 100 0.00 0.2737 X 20 0.01 13.5472 y55 18.28 8.2104 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 0.03 16.1472 y60 20.86 7.9368 PI'120 0.50 0.0000 X 30 22.80 15.5998 y65 13.12 6.4315' PB 120 0.00 0.0000 X 35 21.00 21.6208 y70 12.55 6.5684 PT 140 0.00 0.0000 X 40 30.25 16.2840 ~75 7.50 3.0105 PB 140 0.00 .0.0000 X 45 33.25 10.9472 ~80 10.40 3.6947 X 50 33.75 0.1368 ~85 12.40 2.4631 X 55 27.50 0.1368 y90 5.05 1.3684 X 60 23.40 0.0000 y95 3.03 1.0947 X 65 26.80 11.2209 YI00 1.93 0.6842 X 70 22.80 8.8946 X 75 14.14 8.4841 X 80 13.67 5.8842 X 85 13.50 7.1157 X 90 13.75 4.7894 X 95 9.08 3.4210 X 100 5.92 2.3263 X 110 8.53 2.3263 X 120 7.29 1.9158 X 130 5.48 1.6421 X 140 4.95 1.3684 X 150 4.72 .9579 X 160 4.30 .5475 X 170 3.86 .5475 X 180 3.53 .4105 X 190 2.33 .4105 X 200 2.21 .2737 X 210 0.99 .1368 X 220 1.25 .2737 X 230 1.06 .2737 X 240 0.97 0.4105 X 250 0.70 0.2737 X 260 0.73 0.9579 X 270 0.44 0.1368 X 280 0.38 0.0000 X 290 0.14 0.0000 * ~~~ S:b~ «:~~~~ X 320 0.03 I . - 29 - . . SUMMARY DEPOSIT DATA HUGHES 500 CALmRA7.'ION - LEITRL"1 - SEPT/OCT 177 TRIAL NO. 10 LTh1E X LThlB Y SAMPLE POLE SERIES SAMPLE DROPS/CM 2 SAMPLE DROPS/CM 2 DOOPS/CM 2 OZ/AC OZ/AC OZ/AC -X 35 '0.00 0.-0000 y 0 31.50 5.0631 PTO 25.00 13.8209 -X 30 0.00 0.0000 y 5 18.67 2.4631 PB 0 0.20 0.0000 -x 25 0.08 0.0000 Y 10 30.00 5.6105 PT 20 17.00 4.5157 -x 20 0.23 0.0000 Y 15 28.00 7.6631 PB 20 0.05 0.0000 -x 15 1.38 0.2737 y'20 10.80 0.8210 PT 40 9.27 0.8210 -x 10 19.00 6.8420 Y- 25 9.27 0.8210 PB 40 0.02 0.0000 -x 5 35.50 10.9472 Y 30 5.18 0.8210 PT 60 0.40 0.1368 -x 0 43.50 15.5998 Y 35 5.48 0.8210 PB 60 0.06 0.0000 X 5 42.00 20.1156 Y 40 2.50 0.5775 PT 80 0.01 0.1368 X 10 53.50 23.6734 Y 45 0.99 0.4105 PB 80 0.02 0.0000 X 15 49.25 28.4629 Y 50 3.92 0.4105 PI' 100 0.01 0.0000 X 20 48.00 23.6734 Y 55 1.85 0.1368 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 63.23 22.3050 Y 60 1.23 0.0000 PT 120 0.06 0·0000 X 30 58.50 25.7260 Y 65 0.70 0.0000 PB 120 0.02 0.0000 X 35 39.50 10.8104 Y 70 0.53 0.0000' PT 140 0.01 0.0000 X 40 28.75 9.8525 Y 75 0.21 0.0000 PB 140 0.07 0.0000 X 45 16.00 4.6526 Y 80 0.10 0.0000 X 50 15.50 2.8736' Y 85 0.24 0.0000 X 55 12.67 3.1473 Y 90 0.23 0.0000 X 60 8.08 1.9158 Y 95 0.04 0.0000 X 65 3.19 1.2316 YI00 0.04 0.0000 X 70 4.06 0.9579 X 75 0.89 2.0526 X 80 0.81 0.5475 X 85 0.08 0.2737 X 90 0.07 0.0000 X 95 0.03 0.0000 XI00 0.01 0.0000 XII0 0.03 0.0000 X120 0.18 0.0000 X130 0.13 0.0000 X140 0.11 0.0000 X150 0.01 0.0000 X160 0.07 0.0000 X170 0.06 0.0000 X180 0.39 0.0000 X190 0.40 0.0000 X200 0.00 0.0000 X210 T 0.0000 X220 0.0000 X230 .JJ 0.0000 X240 OM 0.0000 X250 (I) 0.0000 ~ X260 0.0000 X270 "0 0.0000 X280 g 0.0000 X290 1 0·0000 X300 0.0000 - 30 - SUMMARY DEPOSIT DATA HUGHES 500 CA1~IBRATION - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT 1 77 TRIAL NO. 11 LINE X LINE Y SAMPLE POLE SERIES SAMPLE nIDPS/CM 2 SAMPLE DROPS/CM 2 DOOPS/C1!1 2 OZ/AC OZ/AC OZ/AC - -X 35 0.00 0.0000 y 0 4.08 o .9579 PTO 0.50 0.2737 -X 30 0.00 0.0000 y 5 10.64 6.1578 PB 0 0.03 0.0000 -X 25 0.04 0.0000 Y 10 11.82 7.5262 PI' 20 8.69 9.5788 -X 20 0.08 0.0000 Y 15 8.75 6.2947 PB 20 0.01 0.1368 -X 15 0.16 0.0000 Y 20 11.91 4.6526 PI' 40 6.84 3.8315 -X 10 0.10 0.0000 Y 25 11.78 5.6105 PB 40 0.02 0.0000 -X 5 0.09 0.0000 Y 30 9.08 5.1999 PI' 60 0.45 0.5475 X 0 0.24 0.1368 Y 35 7.87 1.6421 PB 60 0.00 0.0000 X5 8.46 8.4841 Y 40 1.13 1.5052 PT 80 0.09 0.0000 X 10 13.33 10.5367 Y 45 0.62 0.1368 PB 80 0.00 0.0000 X 15 19.50 9.8525 Y 50 2.38 1.2316 PI' 100 0.03 0.0000 X 20 21.50 16.0104 Y 55 0.71 0.2737 PB 100 0.01 0.0000 X 25 32.75 18.3366 Y 60 0.48 0.4105 PI' 120 0.00 0.0000 X 30 23.00 11.9051 Y 65 0.17 0.1368 PB 120 0.00 0.0000 X 35 14.37 4.5157 Y 70 0.17 0.0000 PI' 140 0.00 0.0000 X 40 9.63 2.7369 Y 75 0.12 0.0000 PB 140 0.00 0.0000 X 45 6.35 2.1894 Y 80 0.06 0.0000 X 50 6.47 2.0526 Y 85 0.14 0.0000 X 55 4.29 1.6421 Y 90 0.01 0.0000 X 60 3.08 1.2316 Y 95 0.03 0.1368 X 65 2.43 1.0947 .noo 0.00 0.1368 X 70 0.65 0.2737 X 75 0.25 0.0000 X 80 0.12 0.0000 X 85 0.05 0.0000 X 90 0.07 0.0000 X 95 0.05 0.0000 XlOO 0.02 0.0000 Xl10 0.02 0.1368 Xl20 0.15 0.5474 Xl30 0.01 0.0000 X140 0.04 0.1368 X150 0.36 0.0000 X160 0.03 0.0000 X170 0.02 Xl80 0.00 I Xl90 I )QOO T X210 X220 X230 +J X240 .r-I fJ) r-t X250 j .r-I Z X260 X270 ~ X280 1 X290 X300 \II - 31 - . SUf.'iMARY DEPOSIT DATA HUGHES 500 CALmRATION - LEITRJ].1 - SEPT/OCT I 77 TRIAL NO. 12 LINE X SAMPLE LINE Y S~IPLE POLE SERIES SAMPLE DROPS/CM 2 DROPS/CM 2 DROPS/CM 2 OZ/AC OZ/AC OZ/AC -x 35 0.04 0.0000 .Y 0 2.23 1.3684 PT 0 0.95: 1.2316 -x 30 0.06 0.0000 Y 5 3.42 3.8315 PB 0 0.00 0.1368 -x 25 0.07 0.0000 Y 10 4.46 3.0105 PI' 20 12.27 5.0631 -x 20 0.11 0.0000 Y 15 9.50 7.5262 PB 20 5.62 0.6842 -x 15 0.20 0.0000 Y 20 1.23 1.6421 PI' 40 5.40 3.9684 -x 10 0.39 0.2737 Y 25 1.15 1.3684 PB 40 0.04 0.1368 -x 5 0.86 1.0947 Y 30 2.86 4.7884 PT 60 0.42 0.5474 X 0 2.78 2.0526 Y 35 2.69 1.7789 PB 60 0.00 0.0000 X 5 7.17 3.4210 Y 40 0.69 0.1368 PI' 80 0.41 0.2737 X 10 18.71 12.1788 Y 45 0.71 0.6842 PB 80 0.00 0.0000 X 15 21.40 13.4104 Y 50 1.05 0.8210 PI'100 0.82 0.9579 X 20 17.83 10.5367 Y 55 2.38 2.0526 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 14.12 8.4841 Y 60 2.42 0.9579 PI'120 0.05 0.2737 X 30 12.67 8.3473 Y 65 3.70 2.4631, PB 120 0.05 0.1368 x 35 11.33 5.6105 Y 70 3.80 1.9158 PI'140 0.19 0.2737 x 40 6.50 4.9263 Y 75 1.57 1.3684 PB 140 0.00 0.0000 X 45 3.54 1.0947 Y 80 2.88 2.8736 X 50 3.32 1.3684 Y 85 1.25 1.0947 X 55 3.52 1.3684 Y 90 0.73 0.5474 X 60 2.75 0.9579 Y 95 1.05 0.8210 X 65 3.40 0.8210 yl00 0.56 0.5474 X 70 2.26 1.5052 X 75 2.82 2.3263 X 80 2.90 2.1894 X 85 3.32 1.5052 X 90 3.02 2.3263 X 95 2.28 1.6421 X 100 2.52 2.1894 X 110 2.62 1.6421 X 120 2.02 0.5475 X 130 1.28 0.5475 X 140 0.38 0.1368 X 150 0.40 0.0000 X 160 0.10 0.0000 X 170 0.08 0.0000 X 180 0.01 0.0000 X 190 0.18 0.0000 X 200 0.10 0.0000 X 210 0.00 X 220 i X 230 /i'. X 240 -IJ X 250 OM X 260 Ul i X 270 r-i OM X 280 ~ z X 290 1 X 300 J - 32 - SUMMARY DEPOSIT DATA HUGHES 500 CALmRATION - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT r 77 TRIAL NO. 13 LINE X SAr-1PLE LINE Y SN-1PLE POLE SERIES SAMPLE DROPS/CM2 DROPS/CM 2 DROPS/CM.2 OZ/AC OZ/AC OZ/AC -x 35 0.00 0.0000 y 0 0.00 0.0000 PTO 0.00 0.0000 -x 30 0.00 0.0000 y 5 0.00 0.0000 PB 0 0.00 0.0000 -x 25 0.00 0.0000 y 10 0.00 0.0000 PT 20 0.00 0.0000 -x 20 0.00 0.0000 Y 15 0.03 0.0055 PB 20 0.02 0.0014 -x 15 0.00 0.0000 Y 20 0.00 0.0000 PT 40 0.56 0.6472 -x 10 0.00 0.0000 Y 25 0.00 0.0000 PB 40 0.00 0.0000 -x 5 0.00 0.0000 Y 30 0.25 0.2162 PT 60 20.48 12.2637 X 0 0.00 0.0000 Y 35 0.01 0.0082 PB 60 1.08 0.5309 X 5 0.01 0.0041 Y 40 1.48 1.1741 PT 80 6.91 3.6044 X 10 0.00 0.0000 Y 45 0.73 0.5569 PB 80 0.50 1.0851 X 15 0.00 0.0000 Y 50 0.70 0.3380 PT 100 10.46 5.8404 X 20 0.00 0.0000 Y 55 0.70 0.5638 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X 25 0.03 3.6112 Y 60 0.09 0.0410 PT 120 6.50 2.7259 x 30 0.18 0.1409 Y 65 0.20 0.0944 PB 120 0.28 0.1327 X 35 13.10 8.9248 Y 70 0.18 0.0930' PT 140 2.95 1.6681 X 40 8.84 6.5150 Y 75 0.06 0.1300 PB 140 0.72 0.3229 X 45 12.30 8.1383 Y 80 0.22 0.3366 X 50 8.81 5.7733 Y 85 0.42 0.2983 X 55 6.97 5.0850 Y 90 0.19 0.2340 X 60 8.17 21.5757 Y 95 0.42 0.3229 X 65 12.11 16.9600 YlOO 1.13 0.8990 X 70 6.70 14.2533 X 75 8.71 21.0105 X 80 11.80 21.1679 X 85 9.00 15.7914 X 90 6.94 11.0964 X 95 11.80 21.1364 X 100 9.45 23.4203 X 110 12.70 21.9041 X 120 11.20 18.7759 X 130 9.36 8.9453 X 140 6.67 3.8630 X 150 7.71 4.3351 X 160 4.46 2.5986 X 170 4.61 2.3181 X 180 5.24 3.0625 X 190 4.95 3.0365 X 200 3.67 1.7132 X 210 2.84 0.9743 X 220 1.31 0.6185 X 230 1.39 0.6869 X 240 2.01 0.9223 X 250 2.03 1.0564 X 260 1.05 0.4735 X 270 0.41 0.2012 X 280 0.42 0.1642 X 290 0.23 S·1204 X 300 0.39 .2559 I 0.09 0·0315 0.07 0.0287 - 33 - ... SUMMARy DEPOSIT DATA • HUGHES 500 CALmRATION - LEITRIM - SEPT/OCT 177 . TRIAL NO. 14 LINE X LINE Y SAMPLE POLE SERIES SAMPLE DIDPS/CM 2 SAMPLE .DROPS/CM2 DIDPS/CM2 OZ/AC '. OZ/PC OZ/AC -x 35 01!00 0.0000 Y 0 0.17 0.1368 PrO 0.12 0.0000 -x 30 0.00 0.0000 Y 5 4.56 0.9579 PB 0 0.04 0.0000 -x 25 0.00 0.0000 Y 10 4.18 1.2316 PT 20 0.92 0.5474 -x 20 0.00 0.0000 Y 15 1.05 0.1368 PB 20 0.00 0.0000 -x 15 0.00 0.0000 y 20 8.00 3.0105 PT 40 11.67 4.3789 -x 10 0.00 0.0000 y 25 12.00 0.0000 PB 40 0.02 0.0000 -x 5 0.00 0.0000 y 30 14.87 3.6947 PT 60 14.86 3.9684 X 0 0.14 0.0000 Y 35 7.07 2.6000 PB 60 0.03 0.0000 X5 0.76 0.1368 Y 40 5.10 2.0526 PT 80 2.92 0.9579 XlO 0.97 0.1368 Y 45 7.78 3.4210 PB 80 0.01 0.0000 X15 1.73 0.4105 Y 50 6.17 3.0105 PT 100 0.42 0.1368 X20 6.28 1.6421 Y 55 0.58 0.2737 PB 100 0.00 0.0000 X25 13.12 4.6526 Y 60 0.09 0.0000 PT 120 0.02 0.0000 X30 16.28 5.8842 Y 65 0.21 0.1368 PB 120 0.00 0.0000 --- X35 24.60 8.2104 Y 70 0.27 0.0000 PT 140 0.04 0.0000 X40 25.80 11.3578 Y 75 0.04 0.0000 PB 140 0.00 0.0000 X45 35.50 11.4946 Y 80 0.00 0.0000 XSO 26.75 8.3473 Y 85 0.01 0.0000 XS5 26.25 10.2630 Y 90 0.01 0.0000 X60 21.40 6.8420 Y 95 0.00 0:0000 X65 14.71 4.3789 yl00 0.01 0.0000 X70 8.83 2.7368 X75 7.78 2.3263 X80 3.41 0.5474 X85 1.98 0.2737 X90 0.57 0.1368 X95 0.64 0.1368 . X100 0.38 0.0000 XII0 0.43 0.0000 Xl. 2 0 0.18 0.0000 X130 0.05 0.0000 X140 0.03 0.0000 X150 0.00 0.0000 Xl60 Xl70 Xl80 X190 X200 X210 l' X220 X230 X240 X250 X260 .-I X270 .r-! z X280 1 X290 .' X300 ·' . ~ , .. " ", I 'O' I ~/ . APPENDIX II. MMD AND NMD CURVES - 35 - , . T-1 T-2 M M D 150p M M D 136" N M D 112" 100 " ...... ~ w Dmax 383" 312 II m ~ :::l 0 Z ~ w ~ T-4 :::l .... 0 T-3 > - M M D 145 P 130 }I 40 w > NMD l11p 95)J I- 20 « Dmax 418 P 383p .... :::l ~ 0 :::l U 100 I- ao Z w U ~ 60 T-5 T-6 w A. MMD 150p MMD 150p 40 NMD 115 '" N M D 123}1 20 Dmax 348,u D max 348p 0 0 100 200 300 400 o 100 200 300 400 DROP DIAMETER (MICRONS) FIG.4 MM D and NMD GRAPHS-- WATER TR IALS w > .... ~ ~ ~ u ~ z w U ~ w A. - 36 - 1-7 MM D 107)1 NMD 64 p Dmax 277)1 1-9 ---------MMD 144p NM D 72 P Dmax 297)1 1-11 MME,- T5-5';- N MD 78 p Dmax 291", 1-13 MMD-'1-1r;- N M D 75)1 Dmax 215 p 1-8 MMD 124" NMD 65" Dmax 277}1 __ I:JQ. __ MMD 130,-, NMD 65}' D max 291", NMD 81)1 D max 306)1 _!-J~ __ MMD110p N MD 70 p Dmax 200p O~~~----~------~--------~--------~--~~~~--~------__ --------__ --------~--~ o 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400 DROP D IAME1ER ( MICRONS) FIG.5 MMD & NMD GRAPHS ---OIL TRIALS --- .... i t; , . APPENDIX III. DEPOSIT DISTRIBUTION- - 37 - T-1 LINE Y 30 mph N '* " " " Oa~ , "'/ 'LAYOUT T-1 LINE X 30mph T-2 LINE X 45mph O+-~--~----------~--------------~~======~------r---------------; N " " " T-2 LINE Y 45mph " LAYOUT 0~-4~~----~~----'---------------~r----------------r----------------w o 100 200 300 400 Yards Ib~1l1wind Fig. 6 Deposit Density Across layout -C\I ~ Ul g .J ~ .r-I Ul ~ 4J .r-I Ul ~ - 38 - T-3 LINE Y 60 mph N '* T-3 LINE X " " 60mph , " ~ " ~" " ,is ," " ,,; ~" LAYOUT 4) 0 T-4 LINE Y 30mph O+------P~===-----------~----------------_?----------------_,----------------~ o Fig. 7 100 200 Yards I:bwnwind Dep:>si t Densi ty f~cross Layout N LINE X 30mph 300 400 - 39 - oil .... ., -C\I ~ (I) ~ 0 ~ ·ri ~ +l ·ri (I) ~ 60T-------------------------------------------------------____________________ __ T-5 LINE Y 45mph 0 N 50 '+ T-5 LINE X " " 45mph , ~~ , / ',LAYOUT 0 50 T-6 LINE Y 40 60mph 30 O~--------~~~~~~====~----------------------------~----------------------------~----------------------------~ N " 60mph , *- T-6 LINE X i "'LAYOUT o~----~------~----------~-----------------------~~-------------------~------------""""-----------~ o Fig. 8. 100 200 Yards Ibwnwind Deposit Density Across Layout 300 400 '. .r - 40 - • 50 40 0 0 50 40 ('oJ ~20 til ~ ~ 10 .P" 0 ..... 0 ~ 50 +l ..... til 40 ~ 30 20 10 0 0 N '+ " -.!-2mph' gus.s 3 -""" N , , " T-7 LINE Y 30mph T-7 LINE x 30mph , LAYOUT T-8 LlNEY 30mph T-8 LINE X 30mph " LAYOUT O~----~~~--------~------~------------------~------------------~------------------~ o Fig. 9 100 200 Yards D:>wnwind Deposit Density Across IaYU'-A.t 300 400 .. " - 41 - . -- . ,. 10 01 <= 50 -C\I ~ Ul 20 ~ - 10 ~ OJ 0 +J 50 .,-1 Ul ~ 40 30 20 10 01 7:> 01 b=m o 100 200 Yards Inwnwind Fig. 10 Deposit Density kross Layout T-9 LINE Y 45 mph N , o,j T-9 'r", LAYOUT LINE X 45 mph , "­ , N " T-10 LINE Y 45 m ph T-10 LINE X 45 mph ',LAYOUT 300 400 '. . " -C\I ~ Ul ~ - -r ~ .r-! Ul .~ +l -r-! (I) ~ - 42 - q • T-11 LINE Y 60 Inph 0 N T-11 LINE X 60 mph " " " LAYOUT 0 50 T-12 LINE Y 40 60mph 30 Ol~--------~--~~----~:P-----------------T-----------------'----------------~ T-12 LINE X 60mph O~--~~------------------~----~==~------~~-----------------r----------------~ o 200 Yards rnwnwind Fig. 11 Deposit Density Across layout 100 300 400 . .., , , ... - 43 - 11 • -C\I ~ Ul ~ ....... ~ ·ri (I) ~. +J ·ri Ul ~ T-13 LINE Y 60 mph 0 0 N T-13 LINE X 't 3-4 ' ",,,, ~"" 60 mph ,LAYOUT 0 0 50 T-14 LINE Y 40 60 mph Ol~----~--------~==~--~-----------------T----------------~----------------~ o , +N 2-3",pi;' , ~'" " LAYOUT 60mph T-14 LINE X O+-----~~----------~~==~------------~----------------~--------------~ o Fig. 12 100 200 Yards Ibwnwind Deposit Density Across Layout 300 400 Table of Contents Introduction Materials and methods Experimental design Sample units Helicopter employed Spray system Untitled Spray formulations Rate of flow calibration Spray application Table I Results and discussion Table II Table III Conclusions Recommendations Acknowledgements, reference cited Appendix I Deposit summary Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5 Trial 6 Trial 7 Trial 8 Trial 9 Trial 10 Trial 11 Trial 12 Trial 13 Trial 14 Appendix II MMD and NMD Curves appendix III Deposit distribution